Estado inflamatorio en el infarto agudo de miocardio, su impacto en el remodelado ventricular y nuevas dianas terapéuticas / Inflammation in acute myocardial infarction, impact on ventricular remodeling, and new therapeutic targets

RESUMEN La cardiopatía isquémica es la causa más frecuente de insuficiencia cardíaca, con una alta incidencia de esta a pesar de la revascularización precoz y la modulación neurohormonal. En el contexto del infarto agudo de miocardio los cardiomiocitos necrosados inducen la activación del sistema inmune innato, con aumento de la concentración de células inflamatorias que ayudan a eliminar las células muertas, e iniciar una respuesta correctiva que permite la formación adecuada de tejido cicatrizal.La prolongación o expansión de la respuesta inflamatoria posterior al infarto contribuye al remodelado adverso ventricular y al desarrollo de insuficiencia cardíaca.Entender los mecanismos inflamatorios que se desarrollan producto del infarto, y su impacto en el remodelado adverso que aumenta el número de eventos cardiovasculares mayores, permite comprender a la inflamación como un objetivo terapéutico.

ABSTRACT Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause of heart failure, with a high incidence of heart failure despite early revascularization and neurohormonal modulation.In the acute myocardial infarction setting, necrotized cardiomyocytes induce activation of the innate immune system, increasing the levels of inflammatory cells to help remove dead cells and initiate a corrective response, which allows for proper scar tissue formation.A prolonged or expanded inflammatory response after infarction contributes to adverse ventricular remodeling and development of heart failure.Understanding the inflammatory mechanisms that emerge as a result of myocardial infarction and their impact on adverse remodeling that leads to an increased.

Effects of sacubitril valsartan sodium on vascular sclerosis and ventricular remodeling in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathical coronary heart disease / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To study the effects of sacubitril valsartan sodium on vascular sclerosis and ventricular remodeling in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathical coronary heart disease.Methods:A prospective research method was adopted. One hundred and eighty-six patients with coronary heart disease who were treated in Hangzhou Ninth People′s Hospital from January to December 2021 were selected and divided into control group and observation group by random digits table method, with 93 cases in each group. The control group adopted routine treatment method of aspirin + metoprolol + nitroglycerin + captopril according to the guideline, while the observation group was additionally treated with sacubitril valsartan sodium on the basis of the control group. The clinical efficacy, vascular endothelial function and hardness, cardiac function, ventricular remodeling and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results:The total effective rate of treatment in observation group was significantly higher than that in control group: 96.77%(90/93) vs. 87.10%(81/93), and there was statistical difference ( P<0.05). After treatment, the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in observation group was significantly higher than that in control group: (14.46 ± 2.80)% vs. (13.09 ± 2.74)%, the level of endothelin-1 was significantly lower than that in control group: (73.32 ± 9.63) ng/L vs. (77.47 ± 10.35) ng/L, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). After treatment, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in observation group was significantly higher than that in control group: (50.87 ± 3.52)% vs. (49.72 ± 3.71)%, the left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and ventricular remodeling indicators of interventricular septal thickness and left ventricular mass index were significantly lower than those in control group: (38.26 ± 5.18) mm vs. (40.05 ± 5.20) mm, (50.49 ± 4.33) mm vs. (52.08 ± 4.25) mm, (8.95 ± 0.39) mm vs. (9.08 ± 0.41) mm, (118.49 ± 9.58) g/m 2 vs. (121.58 ± 9.62) g/m 2, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). There were no statistical differences in the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol after treatment between the two groups ( P>0.05). There were no statistical differences in the incidences of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Sacubitril valsartan sodium has a good clinical efficacy in the treatment of coronary heart disease, and it can improve cardiac function and vascular sclerosis and reverse ventricular remodeling. In addition, it has no significant adverse reactions and is conducive to disease recovery.

Effects of Tingli dazao xiefei decoction on ventricular remodeling in model rats with heart failure after myocardial infarction through ACE2-Ang（-1-7）-Mas axis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of Tingli dazao xiefei decoction on ventricular remodeling in model rats with heart failure after myocardial infarction. METHODS The rat model of heart failure after myocardial infarction was established by ligation of anterior descending branch of left coronary artery， which was divided into 8 groups： sham operation group， model group， A779 group （1 mg/kg）， A779 （1 mg/kg）+Tingli dazao xiefei decoction equivalent-dose group （0.8 g/kg）， A779 （1 mg/kg） +Tingli dazao xiefei decoction high-dose group （1.6 g/kg）， Tingli dazao xiefei decoction equivalent-dose group （0.8 g/kg）， Tingli dazao xiefei decoction high-dose group （1.6 g/kg） and losartan potassium group （10 mg/kg）. Each group was given equal volume of distilled water or corresponding drugs intragastrically for 4 weeks. Masson staining was used to determine the distribution of collagen fibers in rat myocardium. The content of hydroxyproline （Hyp） in myocardium was determined by alkaline hydrolyzation. The expressions of type Ⅰ and Ⅲ collagen （COLⅠ， COLⅢ）in myocardium were detected by immunohisto-chemistry. Myocardial fibrosis-related indexes such as matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2）， MMP-9， tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 （TIMP-1） and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 （sST-2） were detected by ELISA. The protein expressions of angiotensin converting enzyme 2-angiotensin-（1-7）-Mas [ACE2-Ang-（1-7）-Mas] axis were detected by Western blot. RESULTS Compared with sham operation group， myocardial cells in model group and A779 group were disordered， collagen fiber deposition was significantly increased and myocardial fibrosis was obvious； the Hyp content and MMP-2， MMP-9， sST-2 levels were increased， and COL Ⅰ and COL Ⅲ positive expressions were significantly enhanced； TIMP-1 level， protein expressions of ACE2， Ang-（1-7） and Mas were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. Compared with model group， above indexes of Tingli dazao xiefei decoction equivalent-dose and high-dose groups were improved to different extents. Compared with A779 group， A779+Tingli dazao xiefei decoction equivalent-dose and A779+high-dose groups could improve myocardial arrangement and collagen distribution， reduce the Hyp content and MMP-2， MMP-9 levels， reduce positive expressions of COL Ⅰ and COL Ⅲ （P＜0.05）， but couldn’t improve Ang-（1-7） and Mas protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Tingli dazao xiefei decoction can improve ventricular remodeling in myocardial failure model rats after myocardial infarction by improving the expression of ACE2- Ang（- 1-7）-Mas axis proteins.

Effects of Tongguan Capsules （通冠胶囊）on Left Ventricular Remodeling and Gut Microbiota in Patients with Acute ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction： A Randomized Controlled Clinical Study / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the efficacy and safety of Tongguan Capsule（通冠胶囊）on ventricular remodeling in patients after acute myocardial infarction （AMI）， and to explore the possible mechanism. MethodsA total of 53 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） patients were collected and randomly divided into 26 cases in the treatment group and 27 cases in the control group. The control group was given conventional therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） for AMI， and the treatment group was given Tongguan Capsules （4.5 g each time， 3 times a day） on the basis of the control group. The course of treatment was 12 weeks. Echocardiographic data and stool samples were collected from subjects before and after the intervention， and left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）， left ventricular end-diastolic volume index （LVEDVi）， left ventricular end-systolic volume index （LVESVi）， left ventricular mass index （LVMi） were measured and calculated， so as to compare the number of cases of left ventricular remodeling in the two groups. At the same time， 16S rDNA sequencing was performed on the stool samples to analyze the diversity of gut microbiota （GM）， the composition of the GM， the GM difference between the groups； recording the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events （MACEs） and adverse reactions of patients in the two groups during the study period； and performing Spearman's correlation analyses of the post-treatment flora data with LVEF， LVEDVi， LVESVi， LVM， and LVMi in the two groups. ResultsOne case fail to follow up in the treatment group and 2 cases fail to follow up in the control group， and 25 cases in each of the two groups were finally included in the analysis. LVEDVi， LVESVi， and LVMi of the control group after treatment were higher than those before treatment （P＜0.05）； after treatment， LVEDVi， LVESVi and LVMi in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group （P＜0.05）. Left ventricular remodeling occurred in 5 cases （20.00%） in the treatment group and 13 cases （52.00%） in the control group， and the incidence of left ventricular remodeling in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group （P=0.03）. After treatment， the ACE estimation and Chao estimation of bacterial abundance in the treatment group were higher than that before treatment and that in the control group （P＜0.05）. The treatment group showed an increase in Mycobacterium anisopliae phylum and a decrease in Mycobacterium thickum， Mycobacterium anisopliae phylum， and Mycobacterium patella phylum after treatment （P＜0.05）. When comparing between groups after treatment， the relative abundance of Prevotella， Agathobacter， Dialister， Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group was up-reuglated and the relative abundance of Enterococcus was down-regulated in the treatment group（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of MACEs and the occurrence of adverse reactions between groups during treatment （P＞0.05）. The results of correlation analysis showed that Prevotella were positively correlated with LVEF and negatively correlated with LVEDVi， LVESVi， LVM， and LVMi （P＜0.01）. Agathobacter group were negatively correlated with LVEDVi， LVESVi （P＜0.01）； Enterococcus group were positively correlated with LVESVi （P＜0.05）. ConclusionTongguan Capsules can improve ventricular remodeling in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with better safety； its mechanism may be related to adjusting the enrichment of related bacteria such as Prevotella， Dialister and Enterococcus and other related bacterial genera， increasing the colonization and diversity of beneficial bacteria， and adjusting the structure of GM.

Evaluation of left atrial function in predicting left ventricular remodeling in patients with coronary heart disease by four dimensional automatic left atrial quantitation analysis technique / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To evaluate left atrial(LA) function and its value in predicting left ventricular(LV) remodeling in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) by four dimensional automatic left atrial quantitation (4D Auto LAQ).Methods:A total of 176 patients with CHD were prospectively enrolled in Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital from October 2021 to September 2022. They were divided into two groups according to left ventricular mass index: LV remodeling group (female>95 g/m 2, male>115 g/m 2, n=88) and Non-LV remodeling group (female≤95 g/m 2, male≤115 g/m 2, n=88). The 3D dynamic image of LA was analyzed by 4D Auto LAQ on machine to obtain the LA parameters, including the minimum, maximum, pre-systolic and emptying volumes of LA (LAVmin, LAVmax, LAVpreA, LAEV), LA ejection fraction (LAEF), LA reservoir longitudinal and circumferential strains (LASr, LASr-c), LA conduit longitudinal and circumferential strains (LAScd, LAScd-c) and LA contraction longitudinal and circumferential strains (LASct, LASct-c). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the value of LA parameters in predicting LV remodeling in patients with CHD. ROC curve was used to evaluate LA parameters and left atrial volume index (LAVI) to predict the diagnostic efficiency of LV remodeling. Results:Compared with the Non-LV remodeling group, LAVmin, LAVmax, LAVpreA were significantly increased and LAEF, LASr, LAScd, LASct, LASr-c, LAScd-c, LASct-c were significantly decreased in the LV remodeling group ( P<0.05). Logistic regression model showed that LASct-c was an independent risk factor for LV remodeling in patients with CHD after adjustment( OR=2.018, 95% CI=1.214-3.355). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of LASct-c for predicting LV remodeling in CHD patients was 0.844, the sensitivity was 0.784, and the specificity was 0.761. Conclusions:4D Auto LAQ can effectively evaluate LA function in patients with CHD.LASct-c can be used as a reference index to predict LV remodeling in patients with CHD, which provides a new evaluation method in prognosis evaluation of CHD patients.

Clinical application of non-invasive myocardial work imaging in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with left ventricular remodeling after percutaneous coronary intervention / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To explore the application value of non-invasive myocardial work imaging in evaluating the cardiac function of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with left ventricular remodeling (LVR) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods:One hundred and twenty-six patients with STEMI undergoing PCI in General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from December 2021 to September 2022 were prospectively collected and divided into left ventricular remodeling group (LVR group, 34 cases) and non left ventricular remodeling group (NLVR group, 92 cases) according to whether there was left ventricular remodeling 3 months after surgery. General data were collected. Routine echocardiography and noninvasive myocardial work imaging were performed before, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery, the differences in the above parameters between the two groups were compared. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the indicators.Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent risk factors of left ventricular remodeling after STEMI, and a predictive model was obtained. The diagnostic value of the model was judged by ROC curve.Results:①General information comparison: There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, average number of stents implanted, and history of hyperlipidemia (all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in other data (all P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2D-TTE) parameters and non-invasive myocardial work (MW) parameters between the two groups before and 1 week after operation (both P>0.05). ②2D-TTE parameter comparison: LVESV and LVEDV at 3 months after PCI in the LVR group were significantly higher than those in the NLVR group, and LVEF and E/A were significantly lower than those in the NLVR group (all P<0.05); There were no significant differences in other indexes between the two groups by conventional echocardiography at 3 months after PCI(all P>0.05). ③Comparisons of noninvasive myocardial work parameters: GLS, GWE, GWI, GCW at 1 month and 3 months after PCI in the LVR group were significantly lower than those in the NLVR group, and GWW were significantly higher than those in the NLVR group ( P<0.001). ④Correlation analysis: GLS, GWE, GCW, GWI and LVEDV were negatively correlated at 1 month after operation ( r=-0.42, -0.38, -0.50, -0.53, all P<0.001), GWW was positively correlated with LVEDV ( r=0.45, P<0.001). ⑤Logistic regression analysis: GLS<17%, GCW<1 900 mmHg%, GWW>105 mmHg%, and GWE<90 mmHg% at 1 month after PCI were independent predictors for LVR in STEMI patients after PCI (all P<0.05). The predictive model was Logit (P)=0.692GLS+ 0.804GCW+ 0.972GWW+ 0.880GWE. The AUC of this model was 0.886, 95% CI=0.845-0.926, which was significantly higher than single index, the sensitivity was 0.86, and the specificity was 0.79. Conclusions:GLS, GWE, GWI, GCW are positively correlated with LVR, while GWW is negatively correlated with left ventricular remodeling. Noninvasive myocardial work parameters are independent risk factors for left ventricular remodeling in patients with STEMI after PCI surgery. This technique can be used to evaluate LVR and has great clinical application value.

Three-dimensional speckle tracking for subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the difference in left ventricular dysfunction between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with hyperlipidemia and those without hyperlipidemia, and analyze the application value of three-dimensional speckle tracking technology.Methods:The clinical data of 70 patients with T2DM admitted to Heji Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College from January 2020 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Among these patients, 35 patients had hyperlipidemia and 35 patients had no hyperlipidemia. At the same time, 40 healthy subjects who concurrently underwent health checkups in the same hospital were included as healthy controls. All subjects underwent routine cardiac ultrasound and 3D-STE examinations. General clinical information and left ventricular function-related parameters, including global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, global area strain, and global radial strain were compared between healthy controls and T2DM patients with hyperlipidemia and those without hyperlipidemia.Results:The proportion of left ventricular remodeling increased in T2DM patients without hyperlipidemia, and the proportion of left ventricular hypertrophy was the highest in T2DM patients with hyperlipidemia. Global longitudinal strain and global circumferential strain in T2DM patients without hyperlipidemia were (-16.97 ± 2.59)% and (-17.41 ± 2.50)%, respectively, which were significantly higher than (-18.86 ± 2.46)% and (-18.71 ± 2.92)% in healthy controls ( t = 0.95, 0.57, both P < 0.05). Global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, and global area strain in T2DM patients with hyperlipidemia were (-14.98 ± 3.15)%, (-15.80 ± 3.16)%, (-27.17 ± 4.54)%, respectively, which were significantly higher than (-18.86 ± 2.46)%, (-18.71 ± 2.92)%, (-30.62 ± 4.02)% in healthy controls ( t = 0.46, 1.37, 0.98, all P < 0.05) and (-16.97 ± 2.59)%, (-17.41 ± 2.50)%, (-30.06 ± 3.59)% in T2DM patients without hyperlipidemia ( t = 0.37, 1.02, 0.77, all P < 0.05). Global radial strain in T2DM patients with hyperlipidemia was significantly higher than [(51.49 ± 8.94)%, t = 1.35, P < 0.05] in healthy controls and [(47.71± 8.46)%, t = 0.98, P < 0.05] in T2DM patients without hyperlipidemia. In patients with T2DM, fasting blood glucose and hyperlipidemia were independently correlated with all strain-related parameters. Conclusion:Hyperlipidemia can aggravate left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in patients with T2DM and 3D-STE is one of the examination methods for subclinical left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in T2DM patients with or without hyperlipidemia.

A Relação entre Compartimentos de Volume Extracelular e Matriz Metaloproteinase 2 na Remodelação do Ventrículo Esquerdo após o Infarto do Miocárdio / The Relationship between Extracellular Volume Compartments and Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 in Left Ventricular Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction

Resumo Fundamento: As matrizes metaloproteinases (MMPs) podem afetar o volume extracelular (VEC) e seus compartimentos, e isso pode oferecer informações mais detalhadas sobre o mecanismo de remodelação adversa (RA) do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) após o infarto agudo do miocárdio (IM). Objetivos: Investigar o papel que as alterações (Δ) nos compartimentos de VEC (volume matriz (MVi) e volume celular (CVi)) desempenham no desenvolvimento de RA após o IM, e sua relação com as expressões de MMP-2. Métodos: Um total de noventa e dois pacientes com primeiro IM passaram por exames de imagens por ressonância magnética cardiovascular 3 Tesla realizados 2 semanas (linha de base) e 6 meses após o IM. Medimos o mapeamento T1 com sequências MOLLI. O VEC foi obtido após o realce pelo gadolínio. O VEC e a massa do VE foram usados para calcular o MVi e o CVi. A RA foi definida como um aumento de ≥ 12% no volume diastólico final do VE em 6 meses. As MMPs foram medidas usando-se um sistema de imunoensaio multiplex em grânulos no primeiro dia (linha de base) e 2 semanas após o IM. Um P valor <0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Os níveis de linha de base de MVi média e VEC médio foram mais altos no grupo com RA em comparação com o grupo sem RA (42,9±6,4 vs. 39,3±8,2 %, p= 0,037; 65,2±13,7 vs. 56,7±14,7 mL/m2, p=0,010; respectivamente). Os níveis de CVi eram semelhantes entre os grupos. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre os níveis de linha de base de MMP-2 e os níveis de linha de base de VEC (r=0,535, p<0,001) e MVi (r=0,549, p<0,001). O aumento dos níveis de ΔMVi foi um preditor independente da RA (RC=1,03, p=0,010). O ΔMVi teve um desempenho diagnóstico superior quando comparado ao ΔVEC na previsão do (ΔAUC: 0,215±0,07, p<0,001). Conclusão: Níveis altos de MVi estão associados à RA, e o ΔMVi foi um preditor independente de RA. Isso pode estar associado à liberação de MMP-2 devido ao aumento da resposta inflamatória.

Abstract Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can affect myocardial extracellular volume (ECV) and its compartments, and this can provide more detailed information about the mechanism of adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling (AR) after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Objectives: To investigate the role of changes (Δ) in ECV compartments (matrix volume (MVi) and cell volume (CVi)) in the development of AR after MI, and their relationship with MMP-2 expressions. Methods: Ninety-two first MI patients who underwent 3 Tesla cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging performed 2 weeks (baseline) and 6 months post-MI. We measured T1 mapping with MOLLI sequences. ECV was performed post-gadolinium enhancement. ECV and LV mass were used to calculate MVi and CVi. AR was defined as an increase of ≥ 12% in LV end-diastolic volume in 6 months. MMPs were measured using a bead-based multiplex immunoassay system at first day (baseline) and 2 weeks post-MI. P <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results: Mean ECV and mean MVi baseline levels were higher in AR group compared to without AR group (42.9±6.4 vs 39.3±8.2%, p= 0.037; 65.2±13.7 vs 56.7±14.7 mL/m2, p=0.010; respectively). CVi levels was similar between groups. A positive correlation was found between baseline levels of MMP-2 and baseline levels of ECV (r=0.535, p<0.001) and MVi (r=0.549, p<0.001). Increased ΔMVi levels was independently predictor of AR (OR=1.03, p=0.010). ΔMVi had superior diagnostic performance compared to ΔECV in predicting AR (ΔAUC: 0.215±0.07, p<0.001). Conclusion: High MVi levels are associated with AR, and ΔMVi was independently predictor of AR. This may be associated with MMP-2 release due to increased inflammatory response.

Preoperative Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Identifies Aortic Stenosis Patients with Improved Postoperative Recovery of Left Ventricular Geometry: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract Introduction: The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is commonly used as a marker of aortic stenosis (AS) disease severity and to indicate surgical intervention. However, an LVEF <50% identifies mainly advanced disease. Hence, earlier detection of subclinical LV systolic dysfunction may improve clinical decision-making. The global longitudinal strain (GLS) can identify subclinical systolic dysfunction at earlier stages of AS progression even in the presence of preserved LVEF. To this end, we evaluated the preoperative prognostic significance of the LVGLS to identify patients who will undergo a more extensive postoperative LV reverse remodeling as a surrogate marker for clinical recovery. Methods: We performed a prospective observational study based on detailed pre- and postoperative 2D transthoracic echocardiographic examinations, including strain analysis with speckle tracking. We screened 60 consecutive patients with severe AS and a preoperative LVEF ≥50% indicated for surgery; 39 patients met the study entry criteria and consented to their participation. Results: The median age was 67 (range 30-79) years; 56.4% were female. At baseline, the GLS was 61.64±7.22%. Surgery led to an improvement in the GLS; the mean difference was 3.23% [95% CI=1.96 to 4.49%] during a median follow up time of 5 (interquartile range 4-6) months. The preoperative GLS correlated with the postoperative LV mass index (LVMI) r=0.526, P=0.001 and the intraventricular septal thickness in diastole (IVSd) r=0.462, P=0.003. Furthermore, patients with a normal GLS (≤-18.9%) at baseline experienced a better recovery of their LV morphology and systolic function during the postoperative course compared to those with an abnormal GLS (>-18.9%). The effect size, hedges g, was at least >0.75 for the LVMI, IVSd, intraventricular septal thickness in systole (IVSs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole (LVPWd) and LVEF, suggesting a clinically significant difference between subgroups at follow-up. Conclusion: A normal preoperative left ventricular global longitudinal strain is associated with an improved left ventricular reverse remodeling and systolic function following surgery to resolve aortic stenosis.

The effect of elevated glycated hemoglobin on in-hospital and short-term outcome of patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction / Efecto de la hemoglobina glicosilada elevada sobre el desenlace hospitalario y a corto plazo en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio anterior

Abstract Introduction: Hyperglycemia has a negative impact on morbidity and mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of chronic hyperglycemia on in-hospital and short-term outcome in patients with acute anterior MI treated with streptokinase as thrombolytic therapy. Materials and methods: A total of 100 patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction received streptokinase as thrombolytic therapy were enrolled. They were classified according to the admission glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level into two groups: Chronic hyperglycemic group (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%) (36 patients) and non-chronic hyperglycemic group (HbA1c <6.5%) (64 patients). Laboratory investigation, conventional echocardiography, and speckle tracking were performed. Results: Global longitudinal strain (GLS) was significantly lower in patients with chronic hyperglycemia group compared to non-chronic hyperglycemia group (−13.52 ± 4.83 vs. −15.27 ± 1.87%, p = 0.009). In-hospital outcome: Heart failure and reinfarction were significantly increased in patients with chronic hyperglycemia (45.5 vs. 16.7% and 18.2 vs. 3.3%, respectively, p < 0.05). Six months outcome: Heart failure, left ventricular (LV) remodeling, arrhythmias, and bleeding rates were significantly increased in patients with chronic hyperglycemia (41.9 vs. 12.1%, 51.6 vs. 13.8%, 6.5 vs. 1.7%, and 6.5 vs. 1.7%, respectively, p < 0.05). GLS cutoff value ≥ −13.5 has the best diagnostic accuracy in predicting LV remodeling (sensitivity: 100%, specificity: 93%, positive predictive value: 94%, negative predictive value: 100%, accuracy: 97%, and area under curve: 0.99). Conclusion: Chronic hyperglycemia had higher incidence of heart failure and LV remodeling following acute MI. GLS can be used as a predictor of LV remodeling.

Resumen Introducción: La hiperglucemia tiene un impacto negativo sobre la morbimortalidad en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la hiperglucemia crónica sobre el desenlace hospitalario y a corto plazo en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) anterior, tratados con estreptoquinasa como terapia trombolítica. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron un total de 100 pacientes con IAM anterior, quienes recibieron estreptoquinasa como terapia trombolítica. Se clasificaron en dos grupos de acuerdo con el nivel de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) al ingreso: el grupo con hiperglucemia crónica (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%) (36 pacientes) y el grupo sin hiperglucemia crónica (HbA1c <6.5%) (64 pacientes). Se practicaron estudios de laboratorio, y ecocardiografía convencional y con rastreo de marcas. Resultados: El strain longitudinal global (SLG) fue significativamente menor en pacientes del grupo con hiperglucemia crónica comparados con los del grupo sin hiperglucemia crónica (−13.52 ± 4.83 vs. −15.27 ± 1.87%, p = 0.009). Desenlace hospitalario: La falla cardíaca y el reinfarto aumentaron significativamente en los pacientes con hiperglucemia crónica (45.5 vs. 16.7% y 18.2 vs. 3.3%, respectivamente, p < 0.05). Desenlace a los seis meses: Las tasas de falla cardíaca, remodelación del ventrículo izquierdo (VI), arritmia, y sangrado aumentaron significativamente en pacientes con hiperglucemia crónica (41.9 vs. 12.1%, 51.6 vs. 13.8%, 6.5 vs. 1.7% y 6.5 vs. 1.7%, respectivamente, p < 0.05). El punto de corte de SLG ≥ −13.5 tiene la mejor precisión diagnóstica para predecir la remodelación del VI (sensibilidad: 100%, especificidad: 93%, VPP: 94%, VPN: 100%, precisión: 97% y área bajo la curva -AUC-: 0.99). Conclusión: La hiperglucemia crónica tuvo una mayor frecuencia de falla cardíaca y remodelación del VI luego de un infarto agudo de miocardio. El SLG se puede utilizar como predictor de la remodelación del VI.

Evaluation of Ventricular Remodeling and Prognosis in Patients with Aortic Stenosis Who Underwent Surgical or Percutaneous Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aortic stenosis is the most common heart valve disease in the world, and patients that present with symptoms have a high mortality rate. Aortic valve replacement has the objective of promote left ventricular remodeling, reduce symptoms, and increase overall survival. The objective of this study is to evaluate reverse remodeling of the left ventricle in patients with severe and symptomatic aortic stenosis who underwent surgical or percutaneous transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Methods: This is a longitudinal, prospective, non-concurrent, non-randomized unicentric study with patients who underwent aortic valve replacement. Echocardiogram was performed before and after replacement procedure to evaluate several remodeling indexes. Results: Of 91 patients, 77 (84.6%) underwent surgical aortic valve replacement, and 14 (15.4%) underwent percutaneous transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Mean age was 68,96±11,98 years, and most patients were male. Remodeling evaluation revealed that patients who decreased left ventricular index mass (53% vs. 38.9%; P=0,019) and those who reduced the mass/volume ratio (30.4% vs. 68.9%; P<0,001) presented with positive left ventricular remodeling. No endpoint difference was found in those with positive remodeling. Conclusion: Regarding the left ventricular remodeling in patients with severe and symptomatic aortic valve stenosis who underwent percutaneous transcatheter or surgical valve replacement, there is a positive increment in remodeling, however it remains in concentric hypertrophic shape. Implication of these findings remains uncertain and to be studied in large dedicated trials with clinical endpoints.

Terapia de resincronización cardíaca. Incidencia y mecanismos involucrados en la reducción de la insuficiencia mitral funcional / Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Incidence and Mechanisms Involved in the Reduction of Functional Mitral Regurgitation

RESUMEN Introducción: La insuficiencia mitral funcional (IMF) es común en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). La IMF moderada/ grave (M/G) se asocia a peor pronóstico. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de IMF y los mecanismos involucrados en su reducción en respondedores a la terapia de resincronización cardíaca (TRC) a los 6 meses comparados con 12 y 24 meses. Métodos: Entre 2009 y 2018 fueron tratados 338 pts. Respondedores: reducción de CF NYHA ≥1 grado o aumento de la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) ≥5% (absoluto). La IMF se graduó en 4 puntos: No-IMF, leve, M y G, y se la relacionó con las mediciones ecocardiográficas. Características Basales: edad 64 ±10 años, hombres 71%, CF-NYHA IIIII 92%, bloqueo de rama izquierda (BRI) 67%, QRS ≥150 ms 75%, diámetro diastólico del VI (DDVI) 68 ± 9 mm, diámetro sistólico del VI (DSVI) 52 ± 12 mm, FEVI 24 ± 7%. Resultados: La prevalencia de IMF fue del 92,6%. A los 6 meses, 86% fueron respondedores y 23% de ellos mejoraron de IMF-M/G a IMF-Leve/No-IMF. Hubo un fuerte remodelado inverso: DDVI 68 ± 10 vs 63 ± 11 mm, (p = 0,0001), DSVI 55 ± 12 vs 50 ± 13 mm, (p = 0,0006) y FEVI 25 ± 11 vs 33 ± 10%, (p = 0,00001). Comparando 6 con 12 meses 89,4% fueron respondedores, 8% mejoraron de IMF-M/G a IMF-Leve/No-IMF. Comparando 6 con 24 meses 88% fueron respondedores, 14,6% mejoraron de IMF-M/G a IMF-Leve/No-IMF. Entre 6 y 12 y 6 y 24 meses no hubo remodelado inverso significativo. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de IMF fue elevada. El mayor remodelado inverso y reducción de la IMF se observaron a los 6 meses, siendo el primero el principal mecanismo en la reducción de la IMF. Esta mejoría se sostuvo a los 12 y 24 meses.

ABSTRACT Background: Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is common in heart failure, and moderate/severe (M/S) FMR is associated with worse prognosis. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of FMR and the mechanisms involved in its reduction in responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) at 6 months compared with 12 and 24 months. Methods: Between 2009 and 2018, 338 patients received CRT. Patients showing NYHA functional class (FC) reduction ≥1 or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) absolute increase ≥5% were considered responders. Functional mitral regurgitation was graded using a 4-point scale into none-, mild-, M- and S-FMR, and was related to echocardiographic measurements. Baseline patient characteristics were: age 64±10 years, men 71%, NYHA FC II-III 92%, left bundle branch block (LBBB) 67%, QRS ≥150 ms 75%, LV diastolic diameter (LVDD) 68±9 mm, LV systolic diameter (LVSD) 52±12 mm, and LVEF 24±7%. Results: The prevalence of FMR was 92.6%. At 6 months, 86% were responders, 23% improved from M/S-FMR to mild/none-FMR and there was strong reverse remodeling: LVDD 68±10 vs. 63±11 mm, (p=0.0001), LVSD 55±12 vs. 50±13 mm, (p=0.0006) and LVEF 25±11 vs. 33±10%, (p=0.00001). Comparing 6 with 12 months, 89.4% were responders and 8% improved M/S-FMR to mild/none-FMR. Comparing 6 with 24 months, 88% were responders and 14.6% improved M/S-FMR to mild/none-FMR. Between 6 and 12 and 6 and 24 months, there was no significant reverse remodeling. Conclusions: The prevalence of FMR was high. The highest reverse remodeling and FMR reduction was observed at 6 months, the former being the main mechanism of FMR reduction. This improvement persisted at 12 and 24 months.

Reperfusion Strategies in Acute Myocardial Infarction: State of the Art

Abstract ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide. Reperfusion therapy is strongly associated with the prognosis of STEMI and must be performed with a high standard of quality and without delay. A systematic review of different reperfusion strategies for STEMI was conducted, including randomized controlled trials that included major cardiovascular events (MACE), and systematic reviews in the last 5 years through the PRISMA ( Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) methodology. The research was done in the PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, in addition to a few manual searches. After the exclusion criteria were applied, 90 articles were selected for this review. Despite the reestablishment of IRA patency in PCI for STEMI, microvascular lesions occur in a significant proportion of these patients, which can compromise ventricular function and clinical course. Several therapeutic strategies - intracoronary administration of nicorandil, nitrates, melatonin, antioxidant drugs (quercetin, glutathione), anti-inflammatory substances (tocilizumab [an inhibitor of interleukin 6], inclacumab, P-selectin inhibitor), immunosuppressants (cyclosporine), erythropoietin and ischemic pre- and post-conditioning and stem cell therapy - have been tested to reduce reperfusion injury, ventricular remodeling and serious cardiovascular events, with heterogeneous results: These therapies need confirmation in larger studies to be implemented in clinical practice

Expression of uric acid and cystatin C in serum of older adult patients with diastolic heart failure and their correlation with ventricular remodeling / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the expression of serum uric acid and cystatin C in older adult patients with diastolic heart failure and their correlation with ventricular remodeling.Methods:The clinical data of 173 older adult patients with diastolic heart failure (patient group) and 144 older adult patients who had normal heart function (control group) who received treatment in Liaoning Jinqiu Hospital from January 2018 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular mass index, serum uric acid and cystatin C levels were compared between the two groups. These indices were also compared between patients with different classes of heart failure. Serum uric acid and cystatin C levels were correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and left ventricular mass index.Results:Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular mass index, and serum uric acid and cystatin C levels in the patient group were (46.82 ± 4.56) mm, (117.45 ± 24.51) g/m 2, (380.23 ± 115.85) μmol/L, (1.41 ± 0.51) mg/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than (45.8 ± 3.96) mm, (111.19 ± 19.30) g/m 2, (333.65 ± 89.02) μmol/L, (1.06 ± 0.34) mg/L, respectively in the control group ( t = 2.10, 2.48, 3.95, 7.02, all P < 0.05). Serum uric acid level in patients with class IV heart failure was (432.48 ± 157.64) μmol/L, which was significantly higher than (355.22 ± 106.56) μmol/L and (379.89 ± 93.43) μmol/L in patients with class II and class III heart failure ( F = 5.18, P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum uric acid level was positively correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic diameter ( r = 0.17, P < 0.05) and left ventricular mass index ( r = 0.18, P < 0.05) in older adult patients with diastolic heart failure. Conclusion:Serum uric acid plays an important role in the occurrence and development of diastolic heart failure in older adults. Serum uric acid level can help measure the degree of ventricular remodeling to some extent.

Effect of Bushen Huoxue Decoction on ventricular remodeling and myocardial NF-κB protein in rats with chronic heart failure / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of Bushen Huoxue Decoction on ventricular remodeling and myocardial nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) protein in rats with chronic heart failure.Methods:60 male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (15 rats) and experimental group (45 rats). The rats of the experimental group was established CHF model by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery combined with exhaustive swimming and starvation. Rats with chronic heart failure were randomly divided into model group, Bushen Huoxue group and lisinopril group.The Bushen Huoxue group was perfused with 15.75 g/(kg·d) Bushen Huoxue Decoction, the lisinopril group was perfused with 1.8 mg/(kg·d) of lisinopril suspension, and the sham operation group and model group were perfused with equal volume of distilled water. After 4 weeks of administration, the general mental state of rats was observed. The left ventricular internal systolic diameter (LVIDs) and internal diastolic diameter (LVIDd) were measured by cardiac color Doppler ultrasound, and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and short axis shortening fraction (LVFS) were calculated. The expression of NF-κB protein in rat myocardium was detected by Western blot, and the morphology of left ventricular myocytes was observed by hematoxylin eosin staining.Results:Compared with the model group, the myocardial fibers of rats in Bushen Huoxue group and lisinopril group were arranged orderly, with few pyknosis, a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with the model group, the levels of LVIDs [(6.00±0.58)mm vs. (6.99±0.90)mm] and LVIDd [(3.96±0.51)mm vs. (5.14±0.57)mm] significantly decreased, LVEF [(54.48±6.75)% vs. (30.28±4.85)%] and LVFS [(33.86±4.27)% vs. (26.10±4.96)%] significantly increased, as well as the expression of myocardial NF-κB (1.06±0.10 vs. 1.58±0.29) protein significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Bushen Huoxue Decoction can resist ventricular remodeling,improve cardiac function and treat heart failure of CHF rats and the possible mechanism might be it could down-regulate myocardial NF-κB expression.

Effect of sacubitril valsartan sodium tablets on serum tenascin-C level and myocardial remodeling in patients of chronic left heart failure complicated with renal failure / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To study the effect of sacubitril valsartan sodium tablets on serum tenascin-C (TN-C) level and myocardial remodeling in patients of chronic left heart failure (CHF) complicated with renal failure.Methods:A total of 84 patients with chronic left heart failure complicated with renal failure admitted to Qinhuangdao Jungong Hospital from October 2020 to October 2021 were included and divided into the observation group (treated with sacubitril valsartan sodium tablets) and the control group (treated with valsartan), with 42 cases in each group according to the random number table method. The clinical efficacy of the two groups was compared after 3 months of treatment. The TN-C level and cardiac function index left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), troponin T (cTnT) and other index before the treatment and after 3 months of treatment were compared between the two groups.Results:After 3 months of treatment, the total effective rate between the two groups had no significant difference ( P>0.05). After 3 months of treatment, the TN-C level in the observation group was lower than that in the control group: (32.42 ± 4.22) μg/L vs. (37.32 ± 4.86) μg/L; and the LVEF in the observation group was higher than that in the control group: (41.21 ± 5.39)% vs. (37.76 ± 5.45)%, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The LVEDD and cTnT in the two groups had no significant differences ( P>0.05). After 3 months of treatment, neuroendocrine factors norepinephrine, aldosterone, angiotensin Ⅱlevels in the in the observation group were lower than those in the control group: (1 668.60 ± 251.19) pmol/L vs. (2 005.86 ± 280.91) pmol/L, (246.97 ± 13.99) ng/L vs. (275.41 ± 19.38) ng/L, (99.68 ± 8.57) ng/L vs. (112.20 ± 9.52) ng/L, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Sacubitril valsartan sodium tablets have a good effect in the treatment of CHF complicated with renal failure, which can improve the cardiac function and inhibit the over-activation of neuroendocrine hormones.

The application value of sakubatril valsartan in the treatment of chronic heart failure based on cardiopulmonary exercise test system / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To analyze the application value of sakubatril valsartan in the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) based on cardiopulmonary test system.Methods:One hundred and thirty-five CHF patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical Collegefrom January 2019 to August 2020 were divided into the observation group (67 cases) and the control group (68cases) by random number table method. Both groups were treated with bisoprolol. The observation group was treated with the combination of sakubatril valsartan, and the control group was treated with the combination of benapril. The efficacy and cardiac function indicators of the two groups were compared. The cardiopulmonary exercise test system was used to measure the patient′s maximum exercise time (Tmax), maximum exercise Watt (Wmax), peak volume oxygen (Peak VO 2) and volume of anaerobic threshold oxygen (VO 2AT), and the incidence of adverse reactions were calculated. Results:The total effective rate in the observation group was higher than that in the control group: 92.54% (62/67) vs. 77.94%(53/68), the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 = 5.70, P<0.05). After the treatment, the levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and soluble ST2 (sST2) in the observation group were lower than those in the control group: (2 000.47 ± 517.85) ng/L vs. (2 777.39 ± 812.49) ng/L, (0.33 ± 0.10) μg/L vs. (0.37 ± 0.09) μg/L, and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was higher than that in the control group: (8.12 ± 6.44)% vs. (41.93 ± 6.73)%, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). After the treatment, the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVEDs), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left atrial volume index (LAVI) in the observation group were lower than those in the control group: (55.47 ± 6.93) mm vs. (62.00 ± 7.18) mm, (37.14 ± 6.36) mm vs. (41.35 ± 6.43) mm, (136.76 ± 7.13) mg/m 2 vs. (140.98 ± 7.47) mg/m 2, (28.23 ± 2.59) ml/m 2 vs. (31.98 ± 2.17) ml/m 2; the Tmax, Wmax, PeakVO 2 and VO 2AT in the observation group were higher than those in the control group: (619.08 ± 65.36) s vs. (58.70 ± 52.44) s, (142.96 ± 16.05) W vs. (124.19 ± 13.38) W, (20.00 ± 5.74) ml/(min·kg) vs. (18.13 ± 3.58) ml/(min·kg), (13.89 ± 3.69) ml/(min·kg) vs. (11.23 ± 2.36) ml/(min·kg), the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Sakubatril valsartan in the treatment of CHF can not only optimize the efficacy and improve cardiac function, but also benefit cardiac exercise rehabilitation of patients, and not increase the safety risk.